This service is more advanced with JavaScript available. Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences Edition. Contents Search. Hypothetical Constructs. Reference work entry First Online: 22 April How to cite. Functions of Constructs Scientific constructs are basically words, or series of words, that have certain meanings attached to them.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access. Block, J. A contrarian view of the five-factor approach to personality description. Psychological Bulletin, , — Google Scholar. Buntins, M. Psychological tests from a fuzzy- logical point of view. CrossRef Google Scholar. Clarifying the concept of validity. From measurement to everyday language. Campbell, D.
Furthermore, a fish can be directly observed. On the other hand a hypothetical construct has no single referent; rather, hypothetical constructs consist of groups of functionally related behaviors, attitudes, processes, and experiences.
Instead of seeing intelligence, love, or fear we see indicators or manifestations of what we have agreed to call intelligence, love, or fear. Other examples of hypothetical constructs include gravity, creativity, menopause, and guilt.
Psychology Wiki Explore. Animal defensive behavior Kinesis Animal escape behavior Cooperative breeding Sexual cannibalism Cannibalism zoology Animal aggressive behavior. Recent Blogs Community portal forum. Interpreted in this way, chronic pain and its management is much more consistent with growing recognition of chronic pain as a dynamic disease process Tracey and Bushnell, It also repels any attempts at the application of Cartesian dualism wherein a distinction or deference is given to the source of the input, i.
Furthermore, although attempts to quantify the various components of chronic pain for purposes of research may take place, objectivity materialism is a not a requirement for inclusion. The assessment of chronic pain from the perspective of a HC should be expanded to include quantitative and qualitative data. The use a narrative analysis Carr et al. Understanding chronic pain as a HC has implications for treatment but would face some barriers.
The general overreliance upon physiologically based treatments by various types of clinicians and the enthusiastic acceptance of such treatments by patients desperate for a cure will require a significant philosophical shift and reeducation. In part, this can be approached by presenting chronic pain as a different phenomenon rather than an extension of acute pain.
The emphasis would be placed on increasing patient participation and responsibility. Many of the more physiologically oriented treatments inadvertently encourage the patient to become overly dependent upon the clinician and the risk of the clinician becoming co-dependent with the patient. The absence of patient participation in these activities or a lack of improvement in the context of more physiologic interventions would result in a reevaluation of the therapeutic algorithm.
The educational approach to chronic pain would also require some reconsideration. Rather than producing materials which portray a somewhat linear progression from peripheral nociception to acute pain to chronic pain, the areas of acute pain, chronification, and chronic pain should be presented as distinct but related entities Figure 1. Pain related to cancer would encompass all three areas. The complexities and dynamics of chronic pain, in light of the fact that it may exist for the life of the patient, may require something akin to a life-course approach Ben-Shlom and Kuh, which is consistent with the growing recognition of chronic pain as a progressive disease process state.
Illustrates the recommended approach to pain education based on chronic pain as a hypothetical construct HC. Rather then a continuum, acute and chronic pain should be approached as different states. Chronification is the mechanism by which acute pain emerges into a chronic disease state.
Because of its nature, cancer-related pain would incorporate aspects of all three states. The terms under each heading reflect possible content areas. Attempts to understand pain within the IASP definition has generated numerous theories and models. Despite, or perhaps because of, the acknowledged subjectivity of pain, quantification of these elements and their relationship has been a prime objective. Although rarely discussed in the scientific literature, the absence of proportionality has stimulated an interest in alternative approaches.
The use of dynamical and complexity theory with its acceptance of nonlinearity and emergence is one such approach. Within this framework pain, especially chronic pain by virtue of its complex nature, can most easily be understood as a HC.
This is in keeping with the inconsistent correlations among independent and dependent variables as noted above, and the contextual sensitivity of chronic pain. As a HC chronic pain is recognized as more than the sum of its parts, complex and dynamic in its nature, and as an emergent phenomenon. This conceptualization has implications for assessment, treatment, and education. Self-directed assessment and treatments would be emphasized as treatment is expected to be indefinite.
The academic approach should be modified to included chronic pain as a product of chronification and distinct from acute pain. The philosophical issues involved in understanding pain should also be discussed. The notion of chronic pain as a HC is theoretically testable. Comparing the results of allowing patients greater latitude in depicting the nature of their pain experience, selecting desired treatment goals, and a preferred course of therapy to the more classical predetermined protocol would be one mechanism for testing the validity of the approach presented herein.
Chronic pain is uniformly characterized as a multifactorial phenomenon. Most would agree that it incorporates not only sensory but also functional and psychological components.
The continued search for linearity seems inconsistent with the clinical narrative, and may be misguided. If, as it appears, the number of factors that contribute to the experience of chronic pain, the relative contribution of any particular factor, and the manner in which these factors interrelate represent aspects of a complex and dynamic system, chronic pain would be more accurately understood as a HC.
The author confirms being the sole contributor of this work and approved it for publication. The author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Apkarian, A. Towards a theory of chronic pain. Human brain mechanisms of pain perception and regulation in health and disease.
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