To ensure random selection of households, a random-digit dialing method was used within strata defined by 16 geographic areas 9 provinces and 7 metropolitan cities.
Allocation of the smoker sample was proportional to the estimated size of the adult population in each stratum. The next birthday method was used to select a respondent in households with multiple smokers.
Informed verbal consent was required before interviewing the respondents, all of which were adults aged 19 years and older [ 27 ]. Survey respondents were ever-smokers aged 19 years and older who had smoked more than cigarettes in their lifetime and had smoked at least once in the past 30 days.
A total of 1, ever-smokers were surveyed: 1, who had participated in previous survey waves, and who were replenished using the same random sampling methods. A complete description of the interview procedure and survey content can be found elsewhere [ 28 ]. Health knowledge was measured as the sum of all eight responses. Statistical analyses were conducted using SAS 9. With the exception of the sample characteristics Table 1 , all analyses were based on weighted data.
The majority of respondents were men Smoking rates were highest among older age groups and among lower-income groups. Nearly all Table 2 presents the weighted percentages of key beliefs. Similarly, Results showed that over one-third In addition, Over one-third These levels of incorrect beliefs are higher than those found in Canada Our study also showed that one quarter With tobacco advertising prohibited in mass media, the primary channels of marketing communication utilized by tobacco companies are retail merchandizing product advertising at point-of-sales , print media such as magazines with the exception of those intended for women and youth , and cigarette packaging [ 29 ].
Packaging and labeling in particular has been a key strategy implemented by tobacco companies to communicate notions of harm reduction or health reassurance to Korean smokers [ 30 , 31 ]. This extremely high association suggests that banning misleading descriptors or other package features that are evocative of lightness may not be enough. Ultimately, the strong association between the smoothness sensation and the belief of reduced harm illustrate the need to implement regulations to ban cigarette design features that reinforce these incorrect beliefs by decreasing the harshness of tobacco smoke, such as ventilated filters or flavorings such as menthol [ 15 ].
The ban on misleading descriptors on cigarette packages that the Korean government implemented in January is an important first step in addressing false beliefs that some cigarette brands are less harmful than others. However, prohibiting the use of misleading terms is unlikely to be sufficient in preventing these beliefs because it only addresses marketing strategies employed by the tobacco industry, while failing to address the cigarette design elements that create these misperceptions.
Additional support was provided to Geoffrey T. The funding sources had no role in the study design, in collection, analysis, and interpretation of data, in the writing of the report, and in the decision to submit the paper for publication. Competing interests. The authors declare that they have no financial or non-financial competing interests. ACG led the data analyses and writing of the manuscript. The final version of this paper was reviewed and approved by all co-authors.
In this case, the tracer was designed to bind to the nicotine receptors in the brain. The researchers could then measure what percentage of the tracer was displaced by nicotine when the research subjects smoked. In total, 24 PET scans were taken of participants' brains before and after three different conditions: not smoking, smoking a de-nicotinized cigarette and smoking a low-nicotine cigarette.
The PET data showed that smoking a de-nicotinized cigarette and a low-nicotine cigarette occupied 26 percent and 79 percent of the receptors, respectively, which was very close to what the researchers had originally estimated. In addition to Brody, other authors of the study were Mark A. Mandelkern, Matthew R. Costello, Anna L. London, Richard E.
Olmstead, Jed E. Rose and Alexey G. The researchers report no conflicts of interest. Sign up to receive our monthly Cancer Talk e-newsletter. Sign up! Tags: Lung Cancer.
Tobacco Proves Detrimental to Treatment. J Natl Cancer Inst. National Cancer Institute. Reviewed October 28, Your Privacy Rights.
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