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We have 11 reasons why you should add it to your…. Health Conditions Discover Plan Connect. Share on Pinterest. Owing to its mild carminative action, it is particularly appropriate for usage with children. Dioscorides differentiated between a number of species from the genus Mentha , which were grown and used to relieve headache and stomach ache.
The bulbs of sea onion and parsley were utilized as diuretics, oak bark was used for gynaecological purposes, while white willow was used as an antipyretic. As maintained by Dioscorides, Scillae bulbus was also applied as an expectorant, cardiac stimulant, and antihydrotic. Galen also introduced several new plant drugs in therapy that Dioscorides had not described, for instance, Uvae ursi folium , used as an uroantiseptic and a mild diuretic even in this day and age.
In the seventh century AD the Slavic people used Rosmarinus officinalis, Ocimum basilicum, Iris germanica , and Mentha viridis in cosmetics, Alium sativum as a remedy and Veratrum album, Cucumis sativus, Urtica dioica, Achilea millefolium, Artemisia maritime L. In the Middle Ages, the skills of healing, cultivation of medicinal plants, and preparation of drugs moved to monasteries. Therapy was based on 16 medicinal plants, which the physicians-monks commonly grew within the monasteries as follows: sage, anise, mint, Greek seed, savory, tansy, etc.
Around different plants were quoted, which have been used till present days such as sage, sea onion, iris, mint, common centaury, poppy, marsh mallow, etc.
The great emperor especially appreciated the sage Salvia officinalis L. Even today sage is a mandatory plant in all Catholic monasteries. The Arabs introduced numerous new plants in pharmacotherapy, mostly from India, a country they used to have trade relations with, whereas the majority of the plants were with real medicinal value, and they have persisted in all pharmacopoeias in the world till today.
The Arabs used aloe, deadly nightshade, henbane, coffee, ginger, strychnos, saffron, curcuma, pepper, cinnamon, rheum, senna, and so forth. Certain drugs with strong action were replaced by drugs with mild action, for instance, Sennae folium was used as a mild laxative, compared to the purgatives Heleborus odorus and Euphorbium used until then. They referred to the Nikeian pharmacological codex dating from year , and transferred his extensive knowledge on medicinal plants to his disciples and via them to the masses.
Marco Polo's journeys in tropical Asia, China, and Persia, the discovery of America , and Vasco De Gama's journeys to India , resulted in many medicinal plants being brought into Europe. Botanical gardens emerged all over Europe, and attempts were made for cultivation of domestic medicinal plants and of the ones imported from the old and the new world. With the discovery of America, materia medica was enriched with a large number of new medicinal plants: Cinchona, Ipecacuanha, Cacao, Ratanhia, Lobelia, Jalapa, Podophylum, Senega, Vanilla, Mate , tobacco, red pepper, etc.
Quinine bark rapidly overwhelmed England, France, and Germany despite the fact that there was many an opponent to its use among distinguished physicians—members of a range of academies. Paracelsus was one of the proponents of chemically prepared drugs out of raw plants and mineral substances; nonetheless, he was a firm believer that the collection of those substances ought to be astrologically determined.
According to this belief, God designated his own sign on the healing substances, which indicated their application for certain diseases. For example, the haselwort is reminiscent of the liver; thus, it must be beneficial for liver diseases; St John's wort Hypericum perforatum L.
While the old peoples used medicinal plants primarily as simple pharmaceutical forms—infusions, decoctions and macerations—in the Middle Ages, and in particular between 16th and 18th centuries, the demand for compound drugs was increasing.
The compound drugs comprised medicinal plants along with drugs of animal and plant origin. If the drug the theriac was produced from a number of medicinal plants, rare animals, and minerals, it was highly valued and sold expensively. In 18th century, in his work Species Plantarium , Linnaeus provided a brief description and classification of the species described until then.
The species were described and named without taking into consideration whether some of them had previously been described somewhere. For the naming, a polynomial system was employed where the first word denoted the genus while the remaining polynomial phrase explained other features of the plant e.
Linnaeus altered the naming system into a binominal one. The name of each species consisted of the genus name, with an initial capital letter, and the species name, with an initial small letter. Early 19th century was a turning point in the knowledge and use of medicinal plants.
The discovery, substantiation, and isolation of alkaloids from poppy , ipecacuanha , strychnos , quinine , pomegranate , and other plants, then the isolation of glycosides, marked the beginning of scientific pharmacy. With the upgrading of the chemical methods, other active substances from medicinal plants were also discovered such as tannins, saponosides, etheric oils, vitamins, hormones, etc.
In late 19th and early 20th centuries, there was a great danger of elimination of medicinal plants from therapy. Many authors wrote that drugs obtained from them had many shortcomings due to the destructive action of enzymes, which cause fundamental changes during the process of medicinal plants drying, i. In 19th century, therapeutics, alkaloids, and glycosides isolated in pure form were increasingly supplanting the drugs from which they had been isolated.
Nevertheless, it was soon ascertained that although the action of pure alkaloids was faster, the action of alkaloid drugs was full and long-lasting. In early 20th century, stabilization methods for fresh medicinal plants were proposed, especially the ones with labile medicinal components.
Besides, much effort was invested in study of the conditions of manufacturing and cultivation of medicinal plants. On account of chemical, physiological, and clinical studies, numerous forgotten plants and drugs obtained thereof were restored to pharmacy: Aconitum, Punica granatum, Hyosciamus, Stramonium, Secale cornutum, Filix mas, Opium, Styrax, Colchicum, Ricinus , and so forth.
The active components of medicinal plants are a product of the natural, most seamless laboratory. The human organism accepts the drug obtained from them best in view of the fact that man is an integral part of nature. There are countries the United Kingdom,[ 32 ] Russia, Germany[ 33 ] that have separate herbal pharmacopoeias. Yet, in practice, a much higher number of unofficial drugs are always used.
DSHEA allowed botanical medicines to be sold as "dietary supplements" as long as the manufacturers didn't make any health claims. Note that this provision can be somewhat confusing and puts the burden on consumers to research the dietary supplements themselves. In , the Federal Drug Administration FDA announced a final rule establishing current good manufacturing practice requirements for dietary supplements.
The final rule requires manufacturers to report all adverse events to the FDA, as well as evaluate the identity, purity, quality, strength, and composition of its dietary supplements. This change places more accountability on the industry and should increase consumers' confidence in the quality of dietary supplements, according to the FDA. Between and , the use of botanical medicines increased by percent in the United States. Outside the United States, the World Health Organization reports that 75 to 85 percent of the world's population continues to rely on botanical medicines dispensed by traditional healers for primary healthcare, as they have always done.
Scientists have renewed efforts to study botanicals, resulting in increasing scientific evidence for the safety and efficacy of many botanical medicines, especially for chronic diseases and health maintenance.
In addition, schools of pharmacy and medicine have revived courses in science-based herbalism and pharmacognosy. Schools of naturopathic and holistic medicine, such as Bastyr University in Seattle, are becoming more popular. The increasing acceptance of botanical medicines seems likely to continue, for generally good reasons.
If botanical medicines are used judiciously, based on good scientific evidence and sound therapeutic practice, then they can and should have a place in modern medicine. Blumenthal, M. Total sales of herbal supplements in U. Herbalgram , 71, Retrieved Feb. Engel, G. How much longer must medicine's science be bound by a seventeenth century world view?
Psychother Psychosom , 57 ,
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